How to Name Ionic Compounds

Ionic compounds consist of cations (positive ions) and anions (negative ions). Ionic compound nomenclature or naming  is based on the names of the component ions. In all cases, ionic compound naming gives the positively charged cation first, followed by the negatively charged anion. Here are the principal naming conventions for ionic compounds, along with examples to show how they are used: Roman Numerals in Ionic Compound Names A Roman numeral in parentheses, followed by the name of the element, is used for elements that can form more than one positive ion. There is no space between the element name and the parenthesis. This notation is usually seen with metals since they commonly display more than one oxidation state or valence. You can use a chart to see the possible valences for the elements. Fe2 Iron(II)Fe3 Iron(III)Cu Copper(I)Cu2 Copper(II) Example: Fe2O3 is iron(III) oxide. Naming Ionic Compounds Using  -ous and -ic Although Roman numerals are used to denote the ionic charge of cations, it is still common to see and use the endings -ous or -ic. These endings are added to the Latin name of the element (e.g., stannous/stannic for tin) to represent the ions with lesser or greater charge, respectively. The Roman numeral naming convention has wider appeal because many ions have more than two valences. Fe2 FerrousFe3 FerricCu CuprousCu2 Cupric Example: FeCl3 is ferric chloride or iron(III) chloride. Naming Ionic Compounds Using  -ide The -ide ending is added to the name of a monoatomic ion of an element. H- HydrideF- FluorideO2- OxideS2- SulfideN3- NitrideP3- Phosphide Example: Cu3P is copper phosphide or copper(I) phosphide. Naming Ionic Compounds Using  -ite and -ate Some polyatomic anions contain oxygen. These anions are called oxyanions. When an element forms two oxyanions, the one with less oxygen is given a name ending in -ite and the one with more oxygen are given a name that ends in -ate. NO2- NitriteNO3- NitrateSO32- SulfiteSO42- Sulfate Example: KNO2 is potassium nitrite, while KNO3 is potassium nitrate. Naming Ionic Compounds Using hypo- and per- In the case where there is a series of four oxyanions, the hypo- and per- prefixes are used in conjunction with the -ite and -ate suffixes. The hypo- and per- prefixes indicate less oxygen and more oxygen, respectively. ClO- HypochloriteClO2- ChloriteClO3- ChlorateClO4- Perchlorate Example: The bleaching agent sodium hypochlorite is NaClO. It is also sometimes called the sodium salt of hypochlorous acid. Ionic Compounds Containing bi- and di- Hydrogen Polyatomic anions sometimes gain one or more H ions to form anions of a lower charge. These ions are named by adding the word hydrogen or dihydrogen in front of the name of the anion. It is still common to see and use the older naming convention in which the prefix bi- is used to indicate the addition of a single hydrogen ion. HCO3- Hydrogen carbonate or bicarbonateHSO4- Hydrogen sulfate or bisulfateH2PO4- Dihydrogen phosphate Example: The classic example is the chemical name for water, H2O, which is dihydrogen monoxide or dihydrogen oxide. Dihydrogen dioxide, H2O2, is more commonly called hydrogen dioxide or hydrogen peroxide.

Adam Smith And Karl Marx - 973 Words

Adam Smith and Karl Marx were two economic philosophers who each introduced revolutionary ideas concerning economic systems, and their effect upon social progress and prosperity. Smith proposed an economic system, known as capitalism, in which a laborer s wage is wholly relative to their contribution to increasing the means of production; productivity is capitalism s main objective, as it inevitably results in increased profit and revenue. Conversely, Marx proposed an economic system, known as communism, which advocates for the equal distribution of wealth among the owners of the means of production, and their laborers, in an effort to stimulate fair and sustainable wages. A hypothetical situation arises in which, Western nations show interest in the valuable natural resources of a Pacific island, inhabited by people who have already established their own economic system and patriarchal social norms. Concerning the economic welfare of the inhabitants, the potential value of the resources, and the wealth of the newly discovered nation, Marx and Smith would respond to the situation with the same conclusion: the inhabitants should not allow Western nations to access and capitalize upon their natural resources. Although both philosophers agree about discouraging external influences upon the island s economic structure, the motivating factors behind each s decisions differ. Smith would discourage external influences in favor of the inhabitants capitalizing upon their naturalShow MoreRelatedKarl Marx And Adam Smith Essay1639 Words   |  7 PagesPresence of the Theories of Karl Marx Adam Smith Within the Canadian Economy Written by: Jason Kothary, Zach Shafi, Sam Girma Kevin Sallaku Research: Ryan Salehi, Zack Izzeddin, David Moffett, Cameron Bernardo, Harrison Toms, Taha Mahmood, Anthony Alexiou, Jason Kothary, Zach Shafi, Sam Girma Kevin Sallaku Canada’s economy is one that exhibits a multitude of characteristics that adhere to the capitalist and socialist constructs of a mixed system. In order to clearly define and analyze theRead MoreAdam Smith And Karl Marx1055 Words   |  5 PagesDerek Ding Economy Ms. Walsh Period D Adam Smith and Karl Marx Adam Smith and Karl Marx are famous for their influential and prominent theories about economics. Two difference thoughts indeed are contributions that can change the world. 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Adam Smith and Karl Marx Contemporary economics are best explained by comparing two foundational thinkers that have contributed to the better understanding of liberalism, one being its proponent Adam Smith and the other being its most significant critic, Karl Marx. Both thinkers are profoundly important in locating and investigating the roots of neoliberalism as well as exploring alternatives ways to challenge neoliberal economics in the face of its post-cold war expansion as the inevitable andRead MoreAdam Smith And Karl Marx1924 Words   |  8 Pagesshould be achieved Latin America. Adam Smith and Karl Marx are examples of the main two views. Adam Smith, a Scottish Philosopher, was a critique of controlled markets and supported the idea that consumers should be able to engage in a free market in order to achieve overall self- profit. As a believer in capitalism, Smith also viewed private property and overall self- interest as positives. 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From an individualist perspective, he argued that people produced goods in order to make money, and made money in order to purchase goods they valued most. The exchange takes place in a market, where prices are set a ccording to costs and the demand for the good. ThisRead MoreAdam Smith and Karl Marx Essay2053 Words   |  9 PagesAdam Smith and Karl Marx Modern political economic theory and philosophy can be greatly attributed to the works of two men who seemingly held polar opposite views on the subject. Adam Smith, a Scottish philosopher, published his most well known work An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations in 1776 and is most often associated with the ideas and principles of the political economic system known as Capitalism. At the other end of the spectrum is Karl Marx; the German philosopherRead MoreKarl Marx, Adam Smith, And Andrew Carnegie1350 Words   |  6 Pages2015 Karl Marx, Adam Smith, and Andrew Carnegie The writings of Karl Marx, Adam Smith, and Andrew Carnegie all made significant impacts in society not only in their time, but continuing to this day. Marx shared is opinions on capitalism and his views of the progression of human society in his writing, The Communist Manifesto which he wrote with Friedrich Engles and published in 1848. Marx believed in the idea of a society with no capitalism and the abolition of the bourgeoisie. Adam Smith wroteRead More Adam Smith v. Karl Marx Essay2236 Words   |  9 PagesAdam Smith v. Karl Marx Being reared in the typical capitalist community in the United States, it is much easier for me to relate to the thoughts of Adam Smith. This is not to say that I do not agree with some of the precepts of pure Communism, but like the old adage says, Communism looks good on paper, but in practice, it is completely ineffective. Historically, this form of government does not tend to succeed because of many factors. Some of these include basic economic differences, individualism

Why I Write Essay Example For Students

Why I Write Essay Ezra Schwarcz Why I Write Like Joan Didion before me, I stole the title of my essay from George Orwell. But unlike her, I didnt steal it because I like the sound of the words that share the same sound, but rather because there is no better way to display so clearly the purpose of this essay. Why I Write exemplifies Orwells brilliance in writing in a manner that explicitly articulates the authors motivations and aspirations. In it, he discloses, that of late years I have tried to write less picturesquely and more exactly (Orwell 5). In other words, Orwell not only reveals his intent, where other authors compel the eader to make inferences, but he also chooses to write in a more documentarian manner, instead of the impressionistic, so that his style, in addition to his content, echoes his intent. This technique is sustained in his novels, Animal Farm and Nineteen Eighty-Four, both clearly infused with political purpose as well as artistic purpose, thus maintaining and perpetuating Orwells stylistic triumph along with his personal integrity. In their essays, both Orwell and Didion, who builds on Orwells essay, aim to demystify the writing process by deconstructing their respective motivations for riting. While both authors write candidly and reflectively, neither can really say, despite their prominence as masters of the craft, from where, exactly, springs the source of their genius. As a result, the reader is left with the suspicion that effective writing is mysterious, elusive, and only to be enjoyed by those with the acquired taste for sensory struggle, and perhaps a touch of masochism. Why some people gravitate to this experience is quite ineffable. But, as the medieval cleric, R Tarphon once advised, while we are not required to fulfill the task, we are not allowed to desist from t either; and, thus both writers reflect on what qualities tend to support successful writing. Orwell classifies these categories explicitly. They are: 1) sheer egoism, meaning the desire for attention and recognition; 2) aesthetic enthusiasm, which refers to expressing ones perception of beauty; 3) historical impulse, or the desire investigate and figure out the truth for the use of the posterity (Orwell 3); and finally, political purpose, meaning the desire to influence people with ones ideas and to even push the world in a certain direction (Orwell 3). Orwell goes on to say he is a person in whom the first three motives would outweigh the fourth. Though, this is wholly ironic coming from the author of such polemical satires such as Animal Farm and Nineteen Eighty-Four, which are characterized by their political content. In her essay, Didion provides a motive for writing not mentioned by Orwell. She recalls that in college she found it difficult to process her thoughts, which were seemingly random and abstract. She writes, I knew that I was not a legitimate resident in any world of ideas. I knew I couldnt think. All I kn ew then was what I couldnt do. All I knew then was what I wasnt, and In other words, Joan Didion writes because of, and not despite of the fact that she has an inability to internally process her ideas. By writing, she can find out what she is thinking, what she is looking at, what she sees and what it means and consequently, what she wants, and what she fears. While Orwell desires to push the world in a certain direction, to alter other peoples idea of the kind of society that they should strive after (Orwell 3), Didion argues that this is the most aggressive, or hostile aspect of writing. She elaborates, In many ways writing is the act of saying l, of mposing oneself on other people, of saying listen to me, see it my way, change your mind (Didion 1). Didion dramatically relates that writing is an Imposition of the writers sensibility on the readers most private space (Didion 1). By reviewing essays that I have written in the past, I can see a pattern that most closely adheres to Orwells. On the other hand, as Didion has found, I hadnt realized how passionate I had been with regards to the politics in my writing, until I had put my ideas into words on paper. Entrepreneurship Process and Principles EssayMiller, the author of The Justifications of the Iraq War Examined, puts it, to stop the oppression of a defenseless group, to protect humanitarian relief efforts, to help refugees escape from or return to their native country, or to help a fledgling independence movement Oustiflcations of the Iraq War Examined, 57). However, there turned out to be no weapons of such destruction, thus elf-defense fails to satisfy my criteria as a Justification. Additionally, there was no law enforcement needed because Iraq never really posed an issue to international peace and security† President Bush exaggerated that point. And once those first two rationales began to be exposed as defective, the President increasingly turned to the rescue rationale Oustification of the Iraq War, 8). However I mention in the essay that the rescue rationale was also faulty. Perhaps it would have been Justifiable to invade Iraq and remove Saddam from power if Saddam continued human rights abuses. However, in March 2003, at the time of invasion, there was no evidence of any abuses. In fact, Saddam was locked in place by sanctions, surrounded by troops, and surrounded by no-fly zones in the north and south; so how could he have conducted military operations as he had done earlier? Oustiflcations of the Iraq War, 9). Like my other essays, the motive of this essay is clearly political. Its purpose is to expose the fact that the United States did not satisfy any of the three appropriate justifications for declaring war on a foreign country, thus having no Justification for erhaps make us a little more sensitive and critical next time Congress debates a war. Although you can say that there is evidence in my essays of sheer egoism, aesthetic enthusiasm, historical impulse, to use Orwells phrases, and perhaps even the desire to make sense of my thoughts, as Didion observes, it remains clear that what really motivates me to write is political purpose that has personal meaning. For example, in my essay, The Business of Eating, I try to bring light to the problem that we are becoming sickened by what we are choosing to eat. In Rethinking Ethics, I use Lockes, Nussbaums and Robbins arguments to provide my own: that we need to reexamine certain concepts so that the we can truly understand what it means to be ethical in the world today. In my Justifications of the Iraq War, I expose the faulty rationale upon which our president led the United States into a pointless war, thus causing the reader to become more critical of his or her government and more sensitive to war. In so doing, I identified political arguments that are important to me, and hopefully, to my readers as well. Works Cited Orwell, George. Why I Write. Thesis. 1946. N. p. : n. p. , n. George Orwell. The Complete Works of George Orwell. Web. 13 Dec. 2012. Didion, Joan. Why I Write. Thesis. 1976. New York: New York Times Book Review, 1976. Print. Schwarcz, Ezra W. The Business of Eating. Thesis. Yeshiva University English Department, 2012. Print. Schwarcz, Ezra W. Rethinking Ethics. Thesis. Yeshiva University English Department, 2012. Print. Schwarcz, Ezra W. Justificati on of the Iraq War. Thesis. Shalhevet High School History Department, 2009. Print. Miller, Richard B. Justifications of the Iraq War Examined. Ethics International Affairs 22. 1 (2008): Web. 22 Dec. 2012.

Policy Making on Federal Spending

It’s the responsibility of the government to acquire some resources to finance its spending. There are several sources from which the government gets finances. For instance, through taxation, fund raising by selling its goods and services, and also through borrowing from a potential donor among other sources.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Policy Making on Federal Spending specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The main sources of centralized government revenue are the taxes from the individuals’ income, and the payroll taxes (Steuerle, 2004). Taxes play a great role in contributing to federal revenues because they are compulsory payments. Taxes are not paid in exchange of anything whether goods or services. Other sources may include, organizational income taxes, excise duties, and custom duties among others. For the last half-century, the payroll taxes have been increasing, with organizations taxes decr easing, and the individual income taxes remaining unchanged. In mid 1950s, individual income tax was the greatest source of the government revenue, followed by the payroll taxes. Starting from 1965, the payroll taxes became the major contributor of the government revenue (Steuerle, 2004). They increased rapidly due to the introduction of Medicare. The taxes that were received from Medicare, and the social security taxes led to the increment of payroll taxes from 1.6% in 1951 to 6% in early 1990s. Other sources that contributed to the increment of payroll taxes are national workers pension, and railroad retirement fund. Government spending is defined in three major ways. Firstly, the government spends its money by buying goods and services for current use by its citizens. Secondly, government spends its money to buy goods and services to be used in the future, like infrastructure (Steuerle, 2004). The third way through which government spends its money is by acquiring goods and servi ces through its own production, and by use of its labor. The main way through which the government spends its money is by securing the future of its citizens. When the first type of spending is combined with the second type, they form gross domestic product. In the year 2010, the United States central government spent $3.6% trillion, which was an equal amount of 24% of the GDP. Out of the $3.6%, approximately $2.2% was financed from nations tax revenues, while the remaining part was borrowed, creating a deficit to be recovered by future taxpayers. The largest issue faced in federal spending is federal debt. The financial problems and recession in US economy brought about a decrease in tax revenues, and on the other hand, spending increased. In the year 2007, the national budget had a deficit of 1.2% of the gross domestic product (Schick, 2007).Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More In the year 2009, the budget deficit increased to 10%, which was the highest deficit since 1945. The current reports concerning the economy declare that, the increasing government debt may turn to be unsustainable in the long run. The greatest issue at hand is that the interest rates on the federal debts are a bit higher than the rate of income growth (Schick, 2007). This situation may lead to debt consuming the high levels of income rates, unless the debt would be settled on time. If this situation would not be considered on time, there would be a higher probability of income falling, and new debt adding to the old ones. The private sectors in turn will have an increased risk of non-payment cases. These sectors will end up with weak financial base, and reduced annual profits. Reference List Schick, A. (2007). The Federal Budget, Politics, Policies, Process. Washington, DC: Brookings Institution. Steuerle, C. E. (2004). Contemporary U.S. Tax Policy. Washington, DC: Urban Institute Press. This essay on Policy Making on Federal Spending was written and submitted by user Leanna Spears to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

jacksonsonians vs jeffersonians essays

jacksonsonians vs jeffersonians essays The Washington administration was the first to bring together in the cabinet of the United States, the Secretary of State Thomas Jefferson and the Secretary of Treasury Alexander Hamilton. Jefferson and Hamilton began to take different views when the government began to address the issue of the old war debts and the worthless paper money left over from the days of the Confederation. Hamilton suggested that the government should create the Bank of the United States, which would be a public-private partnership with both government and private investors. The Bank of the United States was to handle the governments banking needs. Jefferson protested because this was not allowed by the Constitution. Hamilton opposed the view of Jefferson and stated that the Constitutions writers could not have predicted the need of a bank for the United States. Hamilton said that the right to create the Bank of the United States was stated in the elastic or the necessary and proper clause in which the Constitution gave the government the power to pass laws that were necessary for the welfare of the nation. This began the argument between the strict constructionists (Jefferson) who believed in the strict interpretation of the Constitution by not going an inch beyond its clearly expressed provisions, and the loose constructionists (Hamilton) who wished to reason out all sorts of implications from what it said. Hamilton and Jefferson began to disagree more and more. Hamilton wrote nasty anonymous articles in John Fennos Gazette of the United States and Jefferson responded to him in Philip Freneaus National Gazette. Jeffersons Notes of the State of Virginia in 1787 stated that rural life was beneficial to the government because cities and other areas of large population created poverty, dise...

Summary Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 86

Summary - Essay Example Therefore, President John Tyler who supported seizure was defeated by congressional northern and some member of the south (Kubiaks 1). The other obstacle to seizure was Mexico insistence that Texas was part of its territory. Upon nomination of James K. Polk, there was the restoration of the annexation call. He asserted all the Oren territory belonged to the American people. He convinced the northern that annexation would be beneficial to them all. After the election, the boundary that existed between Washington state and British Columbia was recognized (Kubiaks 1). This was done without war, and hence the northerners were convinced that this policy cared more about southern expansion at the expense of north (Kubiaks 1). However, Polk did not surrender to Mexican demand. This led to war, and he ended up winning all the territory he had offered to purchase from the Mexican. During the war, he sent troops into the disputed area of Rio Grande (Kubiaks 1). The Mexican at the same time sen t troops that led to skirmishes of 1846. America suffered a numbered of causalities, and this forced congress declaration of war. The war was fought from three different fronts. This led to Mexico losing Texas, California, New Mexico, and some parts of Northern Mexico (Kubiaks 1). The Mexican government was ineffective, and the command was divided while American had better arms with complete command. After this war, there was signing of the treaty of Hildago in 1848 (Kubiaks 1). In this treaty, Texas was ceded, California, and New Mexico to United States (Kubiaks 1). The united stats agreed to pay $15 million. The present day Texas was born. The joining of Texas had a noticeable impact on the southwest development. There was a steady increase in the number of migrants. There was also an influx of educated artisans and businesspersons. With such influx, there was established

When I learned English in Canada. Personal experience Essay

When I learned English in Canada. Personal experience - Essay Example The language skills I had to acquire in Canada were completely strange to me. I had to learn English which was a new language to me. Everyone around me was speaking in English which sounded and looked weird to me. Growing up in Saudi Arabia never gave the interest of learning English. In my home country, the knowledge of English was not significant in the daily life. With or without knowledge of English language one was able to get along pretty well without noticing one had a deficiency in one of the world’s significant languages. Coming to Canada, however, brought up a new scenario. English is the main language and in order to have a comfortable life I had to learn English. I had knowledge of some English words. I could mildly understand when someone addressed me in English. But I could not give them a reply in English. I used to have a bit of understanding of English but I did not have any interest in having any communicating skills in the language. While in Canada, I had to develop both listening and speaking skills that could help me survive in my new environment. I have spent three years in Canada, and my progress in terms of learning English has been significant. At the moment, I can construct sensible sentences in English. This is contrary to what I could do within the first few months I was in the foreign country. When I first came to Canada, I went to Toronto so that I could access materials to help me learn English. Being one of the major cities in the country, the access to learning materials was easier. However, I had to move out of the city to start my education. I moved to a province known by the name Sult ste Mrie. It was a few kilometers away from Toronto, but the development in this town was almost comparable to the one in Toronto. The town was energetic but small and filled with more leisure activities than Toronto. In this town, I could see more foreigners which made a little more comfortable. At one point as I walked around the town I came across a Saudi Arabian national talking fluently to some of the locals. This intrigued me and gave me hope of learning English and becoming an integral part of this new society. Apart from learning English I had need for education that was offered in Canada. This hope was made bleak with my little knowledge of English which was used in most schools. I had to first learn proper English then pursue my career I wanted. I enrolled in Algoma University. At this institution, I only had the aim of learning English. It was my time in this institution I met with many other foreigners who could not speak and write fluent English. This made me even more comfortable since I found people with the same weakness as mine. This common feature brought us closer to each other as we found some unique ways of communication. Just as I was, all students in my class had the urge of learning English. This urge made us more of a team than classmates. The communication between us could be easily confuse d a sign language or a secretive language. Individuals with the vast knowledge of English would listen to us but never understand what we were talking about. In some occasion, our English tutor was the referred to as the only sane person in our midst. However, with what we had in mind, heart and soul, we could not let this deter us from achieving what we had come for in Canada. The whole new experience in learning English was incredible as for the first time I felt I was becoming part of my environment. Regardless of where I came from, I could look at people as I walked across streets and see we belong to this world under the same denominator. Suddenly, I gained the confidence the locals had. I could walk into a restaurant