Organisation for Facilitating Globalization †IMF and World Bank Essay

The reserve is a self-sufficient association partnered to United Nations Organization. Beginning from the underlying enrollment of 31 nations at the hour of origin, the Fund has a participation of 186 nations. It is financed by different partaking nations with each country’s commitment fixed regarding quantities as indicated by the overall significance of the national pay common in the nation and worldwide exchange. The absolute monetary assets of the reserve is equivalent to the quantities of the considerable number of nations joined together. The contributed quantity of a nation decides its acquiring rights and casting a ballot quality. Coming up next are the elements of International Monetary Fund: 1.Monitoring monetary and money related improvements of its individuals; 2.Providing hardware for universal counsels; 3.Providing hardware for adjusting once in a while the standard estimation of money of a part nation; 4.Functioning as a momentary credit organization; 5.Lending foundation regarding outside trade; 6.Providing apparatus for the deliberate change of trade rates and 7.Functioning as a repository of the monetary standards of all the part countries who can acquire the money of different countries. 8.Granting credits for financing current exchanges other than capital exchanges; World Bank: The International Bank of Reconstruction and Devlopment famously known as the World Bank was framed as a piece of the thoughts at Brettonwoods during 1945. It was coasted so as to offer advance to part nations at first for the reproduction of their war assaulted economies and later for the improvement of the economies of the less fortunate part nations. The World Bank gives its part nations long haul venture credit on sensible standing. World Bank has allowed numerous advances for financing explicit activities. During the ongoing years, it has likewise been occupied with giving auxiliary change credits to the vigorously obligated nations. The World Bank is a bury legislative establishment, corporate in structure whose capital stock is altogether possessed by its part governments. The World Bank bunch comprises of the accompanying: †¢World Bank; †¢International Development Association; †¢Inernational Finance Corporation; †¢Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency †¢International community for settlement of Investment debates. Reference: http://classof1.com/schoolwork help/universal financial matters schoolwork help View as multi-pages

Cultural Diversity Racial Disparity in the Essay Example For Students

Social Diversity: Racial Disparity in the Essay Social Diversity: Racial Disparity in the Essay Utilization of the Death Penalty Capital punishment is one of the most disputable issues on American soil, outperformed uniquely by those sentenced to the wages of this unquestionable sin. Minorities, for example, African-Americans and Hispanics, total this ceaseless blast of segregation. Track, and rediscover the death penalty from a dark essayists perspective. Blacks are bound to confront capital punishment than whites in the commission of indistinguishable violations. Legislative killings are fit as a fiddle in old fashioned USA. The historical backdrop of the death penalty goes back to the prior days Christ. The Old Testament maxim tit for tat, and a tooth for a tooth, has made due all through the ages notwithstanding the New Testaments version of thou will not slaughter. Todays American casualties bear an increasingly shy of style of pitiless and irregular discipline; demise by deadly infusion has been chosen to supplanted primitive conventions of the past. Measurements demonstrate that for a long time capital punishment has fallen excessively on racial minorities in the United States. For instance, since 1930 almost 90% of those executed for the wrongdoing of assault in this nation were African-Americans, and as of now, about half of those on the countries demise columns are from minority populaces speaking to just 20% of this countrys populace. About 40% of those executed since 1976 have been dark, despite the fact that blacks establish just 12% of the populace. Also, in pretty much every capital punishment case, the race of the casualty is white. Of the 229 executions that have happened since capital punishment was restored, just one has included a white respondent for the homicide of a dark individual (Race and the Death Penalty, 2003). Does this imply minorities are naturally hoodlums, or is there an inclination of racial isolation influencing the perspectives on the dominant part in our general public? T.V. appears, for example, Cops, regularly portray people of shading as the criminal component, strengthening the fantasy that minorities are to be dreaded. Blacks are condemned to prison and capital punishment all the more frequently that some other minority in America. As the national prisoner populace has expanded in ongoing decades, the effect of these progressions on minority networks has been especially sensational. 66% of the individuals in jail are presently racial and ethnic minorities, and for dark guys in their twenties, one in each eight is in jail or prison on some random day. In addition, dark guys conceived today have a one out of three possibility of going to jail during their lifetime, contrasted with a one out of seventeen possibility for white guys. These patterns have been exacerbated by the effect of the ;war on drugs,; with three-fourths of all medication guilty parties being people of shading, out of sight extent to a lot of medication clients in the public eye (The Sentencing Project: Racial Disparities in the Criminal Justice System, 2004). Racial difference in the criminal equity framework is a result of various components - wrongdoing, offenses such medications, social and monetary inconsistencies, authoritative strategies, and the utilization of attentiveness by the criminal equity framework. Social and monetary variations have faces and many are of shading. African-Americans are almost certain than others to have social accounts that incorporate neediness, presentation to neighborhood savagery, and introduction to wrongdoing inclined good examples. For instance, African-American youngsters with no earlier admissions to the adolescent equity framework were multiple times bound to be imprisoned in an open office than white kids with a similar foundation that were accused of a similar offense. A significant report supported by the Department of Justice in the mid 1980s noticed that adolescent equity framework preparing seems, by all accounts, to be counterproductive, putting minority kids at a lopsidedly more serious danger of ensuing detainment (Deadly Statistics: A Survey of Crime and Punishment, 2000). This journalists grandma resigned after over thirty years as a government assistance social laborer for Los Angeles County. She has expressed on more than event that the administration is the principle reason that most dark men are in pri son anticipating capital punishment today. In the sixties and mid seventies, she says that ladies on government assistance were not permitted to have men in the home, even the dad of the .

Who Should I Ask for a Letter of Recommendation for College TKG

Who Should I Ask for a Letter of Recommendation for College By: Caroline KoppelmanThe Recommendation Letters are a hugely important and often overlooked portion the college application. Your grades and scores don’t tell the whole story. Unlike the essays, recommendation letters give someone else the chance to advocate on your behalf. You have the chance to have a teacher you admire tell a school what makes you stand out from other candidates. Of course, who you ask to write your recommendation is extremely important because it will affect how the admissions committee sees you.Most schools require two letters from academic teachers. That means teachers in core subjects: science, math, history, English, or a language. Refrain from asking your gym teacher or coach. Since the purpose of this letter is to provide more information about you, you want to ask a teacher who knows you best. If you’ve had a teacher for a few years in an academic subject (a language, for example) who knows you very well, this is probably a good teacher to ask. While it’s important to pick a teacher whose class you’ve done well in, go with personal connection over grades. You want a teacher who can not only talk about your growth, work ethic, and passion but who knows you well and who genuinely likes you.  There are teachers who might not always agree with you, who might fight with you, but with whom you share a deep mutual respect. There are certain teachers with whom you might share inside jokes or continue to visit after the class is over. You may also have a teacher who approaches you to write the recommendation letter. Some teachers may be very popular with students seeking recommendation letters because they have a reputation for writing glowing letters. We actually recommend staying away from these teachers unless you have a particularly strong relationship. Often times these teachers end up writing so many letters, that each individual recommendation can feel impersonal.We recommend asking teachers from 11th grade. In 9th and 10th gr ade you are still coming into yourself and probably don’t know what you want to study in college. Generally speaking your 11th grade teachers can talk about your goals more than your previous teachers.  If you’re applying to a specific program (ex: engineering) it’s best to have a teacher from a related subject write you a letter. Many programs will require you to submit program-specific or class-specific recommendations to prove that you’re truly interested. Regardless, when you’re applying to a specific program or major, you need to weave a narrative with your experience to show your interest. You can’t simply say, “I want to be an engineer!” because it doesn’t have any grounding. Having your extra curriculars and essays tell a story is a great start, but having a teacher from that field speak to your passion and drive could push you into the “yes” pile.  There are schools that will allow you to submit recommendation letters from outside sources, too. If you ’ve done a lot of volunteer work, started a community service club, spent your summers helping community organizations, and completed an internship at a non-profit, it might be a good idea to have an adult vouch for you. If you formed a unique bond with the head of your internship, a letter from him or her discussing your accomplishments is undoubtedly a plus.  You don’t want to overburden the admissions office with too many letters. Letters from famous people (i.e. politicians, alumni, and actors) do not necessarily help unless the person has a real relationship with the student.  Overall, you want to stress quality with you letters of recommendation. Don’t ask a teacher whose class you did well in just because you got an A, and don’t ask someone for a letter because you think they have a tie to the school. The best letters are the most substantive ones that tell the school more about who you are from someone who cares about you and your academic goals. TKG will walk you th rough your options and discuss with you whether a teacher is a good fit to write a recommendation letter. When it comes time to submit your application having two glowing recs can be the difference between a solid applicant and an outstanding one.

Managing Waste Products from Dairy Factories Free Essay Example, 7500 words

Waste from the dairy industry comes from the sources of milk, ingredients and the product itself. EMS application for wastewater management system includes setting up, monitoring factory model establishment, data collection implementation, methods for establishing losses, establishing standards, setting up data processing and reporting system (Mann, 2004, p. 35). Water processing plants that use chemical processes to manage the wastewater have now turned to the use of zero-effluent techniques of waste management that ensure that the waste water can be re-used and the volume of wastewater that is meant for disposal to the environment is minimized. (Labrecque and Bedard, 2004, p. 52) Treated water can be used for other purposes such as landscape irrigation, watering the plants, and industrial purposes. The world is in dire need of water reuse. (Shao, 2008, p. 1) The figure above shows data on the increase of the world s demand for water reuse; this has been increasing at a considerab le pace and will continue to increase in the next decade. Reusable water can help in environment preservation. Moreover, we will focus our study on the removal of nutrients from dairy wastewater and how these nutrients can be used for business, or how to make money out of it. We will write a custom essay sample on Managing Waste Products from Dairy Factories or any topic specifically for you Only $17.96 $11.86/page

How to Name Ionic Compounds

Ionic compounds consist of cations (positive ions) and anions (negative ions). Ionic compound nomenclature or naming  is based on the names of the component ions. In all cases, ionic compound naming gives the positively charged cation first, followed by the negatively charged anion. Here are the principal naming conventions for ionic compounds, along with examples to show how they are used: Roman Numerals in Ionic Compound Names A Roman numeral in parentheses, followed by the name of the element, is used for elements that can form more than one positive ion. There is no space between the element name and the parenthesis. This notation is usually seen with metals since they commonly display more than one oxidation state or valence. You can use a chart to see the possible valences for the elements. Fe2 Iron(II)Fe3 Iron(III)Cu Copper(I)Cu2 Copper(II) Example: Fe2O3 is iron(III) oxide. Naming Ionic Compounds Using  -ous and -ic Although Roman numerals are used to denote the ionic charge of cations, it is still common to see and use the endings -ous or -ic. These endings are added to the Latin name of the element (e.g., stannous/stannic for tin) to represent the ions with lesser or greater charge, respectively. The Roman numeral naming convention has wider appeal because many ions have more than two valences. Fe2 FerrousFe3 FerricCu CuprousCu2 Cupric Example: FeCl3 is ferric chloride or iron(III) chloride. Naming Ionic Compounds Using  -ide The -ide ending is added to the name of a monoatomic ion of an element. H- HydrideF- FluorideO2- OxideS2- SulfideN3- NitrideP3- Phosphide Example: Cu3P is copper phosphide or copper(I) phosphide. Naming Ionic Compounds Using  -ite and -ate Some polyatomic anions contain oxygen. These anions are called oxyanions. When an element forms two oxyanions, the one with less oxygen is given a name ending in -ite and the one with more oxygen are given a name that ends in -ate. NO2- NitriteNO3- NitrateSO32- SulfiteSO42- Sulfate Example: KNO2 is potassium nitrite, while KNO3 is potassium nitrate. Naming Ionic Compounds Using hypo- and per- In the case where there is a series of four oxyanions, the hypo- and per- prefixes are used in conjunction with the -ite and -ate suffixes. The hypo- and per- prefixes indicate less oxygen and more oxygen, respectively. ClO- HypochloriteClO2- ChloriteClO3- ChlorateClO4- Perchlorate Example: The bleaching agent sodium hypochlorite is NaClO. It is also sometimes called the sodium salt of hypochlorous acid. Ionic Compounds Containing bi- and di- Hydrogen Polyatomic anions sometimes gain one or more H ions to form anions of a lower charge. These ions are named by adding the word hydrogen or dihydrogen in front of the name of the anion. It is still common to see and use the older naming convention in which the prefix bi- is used to indicate the addition of a single hydrogen ion. HCO3- Hydrogen carbonate or bicarbonateHSO4- Hydrogen sulfate or bisulfateH2PO4- Dihydrogen phosphate Example: The classic example is the chemical name for water, H2O, which is dihydrogen monoxide or dihydrogen oxide. Dihydrogen dioxide, H2O2, is more commonly called hydrogen dioxide or hydrogen peroxide.

Adam Smith And Karl Marx - 973 Words

Adam Smith and Karl Marx were two economic philosophers who each introduced revolutionary ideas concerning economic systems, and their effect upon social progress and prosperity. Smith proposed an economic system, known as capitalism, in which a laborer s wage is wholly relative to their contribution to increasing the means of production; productivity is capitalism s main objective, as it inevitably results in increased profit and revenue. Conversely, Marx proposed an economic system, known as communism, which advocates for the equal distribution of wealth among the owners of the means of production, and their laborers, in an effort to stimulate fair and sustainable wages. A hypothetical situation arises in which, Western nations show interest in the valuable natural resources of a Pacific island, inhabited by people who have already established their own economic system and patriarchal social norms. Concerning the economic welfare of the inhabitants, the potential value of the resources, and the wealth of the newly discovered nation, Marx and Smith would respond to the situation with the same conclusion: the inhabitants should not allow Western nations to access and capitalize upon their natural resources. Although both philosophers agree about discouraging external influences upon the island s economic structure, the motivating factors behind each s decisions differ. Smith would discourage external influences in favor of the inhabitants capitalizing upon their naturalShow MoreRelatedKarl Marx And Adam Smith Essay1639 Words   |  7 PagesPresence of the Theories of Karl Marx Adam Smith Within the Canadian Economy Written by: Jason Kothary, Zach Shafi, Sam Girma Kevin Sallaku Research: Ryan Salehi, Zack Izzeddin, David Moffett, Cameron Bernardo, Harrison Toms, Taha Mahmood, Anthony Alexiou, Jason Kothary, Zach Shafi, Sam Girma Kevin Sallaku Canada’s economy is one that exhibits a multitude of characteristics that adhere to the capitalist and socialist constructs of a mixed system. In order to clearly define and analyze theRead MoreAdam Smith And Karl Marx1055 Words   |  5 PagesDerek Ding Economy Ms. Walsh Period D Adam Smith and Karl Marx Adam Smith and Karl Marx are famous for their influential and prominent theories about economics. Two difference thoughts indeed are contributions that can change the world. In Adam Smith s â€Å"Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations†, he introduced an idea where producers work in ways they want and get paid by how much work they put in. In other words, they can set up prizes that they thinkRead MoreAdam Smith and Karl Marx1053 Words   |  4 PagesAdam Smith and Karl Marx both came from very different worlds, however they saw the world in similar ways. Both had thoughts derived from different views. Smith had a very capitalistic view on things, while Marx was socialist in many ways. They expressed their thoughts in ways that were surprisingly similar while other ideas were dissimilar. Ultimately socialism and capitalism can go hand in hand. One main idea that both works addressed was the productivity of work and the ability to accumulateRead MoreAd am Smith And Karl Marx1674 Words   |  7 PagesI. Adam Smith and Karl Marx Contemporary economics are best explained by comparing two foundational thinkers that have contributed to the better understanding of liberalism, one being its proponent Adam Smith and the other being its most significant critic, Karl Marx. Both thinkers are profoundly important in locating and investigating the roots of neoliberalism as well as exploring alternatives ways to challenge neoliberal economics in the face of its post-cold war expansion as the inevitable andRead MoreAdam Smith And Karl Marx1924 Words   |  8 Pagesshould be achieved Latin America. Adam Smith and Karl Marx are examples of the main two views. Adam Smith, a Scottish Philosopher, was a critique of controlled markets and supported the idea that consumers should be able to engage in a free market in order to achieve overall self- profit. As a believer in capitalism, Smith also viewed private property and overall self- interest as positives. 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From an individualist perspective, he argued that people produced goods in order to make money, and made money in order to purchase goods they valued most. The exchange takes place in a market, where prices are set a ccording to costs and the demand for the good. ThisRead MoreAdam Smith and Karl Marx Essay2053 Words   |  9 PagesAdam Smith and Karl Marx Modern political economic theory and philosophy can be greatly attributed to the works of two men who seemingly held polar opposite views on the subject. Adam Smith, a Scottish philosopher, published his most well known work An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations in 1776 and is most often associated with the ideas and principles of the political economic system known as Capitalism. At the other end of the spectrum is Karl Marx; the German philosopherRead MoreKarl Marx, Adam Smith, And Andrew Carnegie1350 Words   |  6 Pages2015 Karl Marx, Adam Smith, and Andrew Carnegie The writings of Karl Marx, Adam Smith, and Andrew Carnegie all made significant impacts in society not only in their time, but continuing to this day. Marx shared is opinions on capitalism and his views of the progression of human society in his writing, The Communist Manifesto which he wrote with Friedrich Engles and published in 1848. Marx believed in the idea of a society with no capitalism and the abolition of the bourgeoisie. Adam Smith wroteRead More Adam Smith v. Karl Marx Essay2236 Words   |  9 PagesAdam Smith v. Karl Marx Being reared in the typical capitalist community in the United States, it is much easier for me to relate to the thoughts of Adam Smith. This is not to say that I do not agree with some of the precepts of pure Communism, but like the old adage says, Communism looks good on paper, but in practice, it is completely ineffective. Historically, this form of government does not tend to succeed because of many factors. Some of these include basic economic differences, individualism

Why I Write Essay Example For Students

Why I Write Essay Ezra Schwarcz Why I Write Like Joan Didion before me, I stole the title of my essay from George Orwell. But unlike her, I didnt steal it because I like the sound of the words that share the same sound, but rather because there is no better way to display so clearly the purpose of this essay. Why I Write exemplifies Orwells brilliance in writing in a manner that explicitly articulates the authors motivations and aspirations. In it, he discloses, that of late years I have tried to write less picturesquely and more exactly (Orwell 5). In other words, Orwell not only reveals his intent, where other authors compel the eader to make inferences, but he also chooses to write in a more documentarian manner, instead of the impressionistic, so that his style, in addition to his content, echoes his intent. This technique is sustained in his novels, Animal Farm and Nineteen Eighty-Four, both clearly infused with political purpose as well as artistic purpose, thus maintaining and perpetuating Orwells stylistic triumph along with his personal integrity. In their essays, both Orwell and Didion, who builds on Orwells essay, aim to demystify the writing process by deconstructing their respective motivations for riting. While both authors write candidly and reflectively, neither can really say, despite their prominence as masters of the craft, from where, exactly, springs the source of their genius. As a result, the reader is left with the suspicion that effective writing is mysterious, elusive, and only to be enjoyed by those with the acquired taste for sensory struggle, and perhaps a touch of masochism. Why some people gravitate to this experience is quite ineffable. But, as the medieval cleric, R Tarphon once advised, while we are not required to fulfill the task, we are not allowed to desist from t either; and, thus both writers reflect on what qualities tend to support successful writing. Orwell classifies these categories explicitly. They are: 1) sheer egoism, meaning the desire for attention and recognition; 2) aesthetic enthusiasm, which refers to expressing ones perception of beauty; 3) historical impulse, or the desire investigate and figure out the truth for the use of the posterity (Orwell 3); and finally, political purpose, meaning the desire to influence people with ones ideas and to even push the world in a certain direction (Orwell 3). Orwell goes on to say he is a person in whom the first three motives would outweigh the fourth. Though, this is wholly ironic coming from the author of such polemical satires such as Animal Farm and Nineteen Eighty-Four, which are characterized by their political content. In her essay, Didion provides a motive for writing not mentioned by Orwell. She recalls that in college she found it difficult to process her thoughts, which were seemingly random and abstract. She writes, I knew that I was not a legitimate resident in any world of ideas. I knew I couldnt think. All I kn ew then was what I couldnt do. All I knew then was what I wasnt, and In other words, Joan Didion writes because of, and not despite of the fact that she has an inability to internally process her ideas. By writing, she can find out what she is thinking, what she is looking at, what she sees and what it means and consequently, what she wants, and what she fears. While Orwell desires to push the world in a certain direction, to alter other peoples idea of the kind of society that they should strive after (Orwell 3), Didion argues that this is the most aggressive, or hostile aspect of writing. She elaborates, In many ways writing is the act of saying l, of mposing oneself on other people, of saying listen to me, see it my way, change your mind (Didion 1). Didion dramatically relates that writing is an Imposition of the writers sensibility on the readers most private space (Didion 1). By reviewing essays that I have written in the past, I can see a pattern that most closely adheres to Orwells. On the other hand, as Didion has found, I hadnt realized how passionate I had been with regards to the politics in my writing, until I had put my ideas into words on paper. Entrepreneurship Process and Principles EssayMiller, the author of The Justifications of the Iraq War Examined, puts it, to stop the oppression of a defenseless group, to protect humanitarian relief efforts, to help refugees escape from or return to their native country, or to help a fledgling independence movement Oustiflcations of the Iraq War Examined, 57). However, there turned out to be no weapons of such destruction, thus elf-defense fails to satisfy my criteria as a Justification. Additionally, there was no law enforcement needed because Iraq never really posed an issue to international peace and security† President Bush exaggerated that point. And once those first two rationales began to be exposed as defective, the President increasingly turned to the rescue rationale Oustification of the Iraq War, 8). However I mention in the essay that the rescue rationale was also faulty. Perhaps it would have been Justifiable to invade Iraq and remove Saddam from power if Saddam continued human rights abuses. However, in March 2003, at the time of invasion, there was no evidence of any abuses. In fact, Saddam was locked in place by sanctions, surrounded by troops, and surrounded by no-fly zones in the north and south; so how could he have conducted military operations as he had done earlier? Oustiflcations of the Iraq War, 9). Like my other essays, the motive of this essay is clearly political. Its purpose is to expose the fact that the United States did not satisfy any of the three appropriate justifications for declaring war on a foreign country, thus having no Justification for erhaps make us a little more sensitive and critical next time Congress debates a war. Although you can say that there is evidence in my essays of sheer egoism, aesthetic enthusiasm, historical impulse, to use Orwells phrases, and perhaps even the desire to make sense of my thoughts, as Didion observes, it remains clear that what really motivates me to write is political purpose that has personal meaning. For example, in my essay, The Business of Eating, I try to bring light to the problem that we are becoming sickened by what we are choosing to eat. In Rethinking Ethics, I use Lockes, Nussbaums and Robbins arguments to provide my own: that we need to reexamine certain concepts so that the we can truly understand what it means to be ethical in the world today. In my Justifications of the Iraq War, I expose the faulty rationale upon which our president led the United States into a pointless war, thus causing the reader to become more critical of his or her government and more sensitive to war. In so doing, I identified political arguments that are important to me, and hopefully, to my readers as well. Works Cited Orwell, George. Why I Write. Thesis. 1946. N. p. : n. p. , n. George Orwell. The Complete Works of George Orwell. Web. 13 Dec. 2012. Didion, Joan. Why I Write. Thesis. 1976. New York: New York Times Book Review, 1976. Print. Schwarcz, Ezra W. The Business of Eating. Thesis. Yeshiva University English Department, 2012. Print. Schwarcz, Ezra W. Rethinking Ethics. Thesis. Yeshiva University English Department, 2012. Print. Schwarcz, Ezra W. Justificati on of the Iraq War. Thesis. Shalhevet High School History Department, 2009. Print. Miller, Richard B. Justifications of the Iraq War Examined. Ethics International Affairs 22. 1 (2008): Web. 22 Dec. 2012.

Policy Making on Federal Spending

It’s the responsibility of the government to acquire some resources to finance its spending. There are several sources from which the government gets finances. For instance, through taxation, fund raising by selling its goods and services, and also through borrowing from a potential donor among other sources.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Policy Making on Federal Spending specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The main sources of centralized government revenue are the taxes from the individuals’ income, and the payroll taxes (Steuerle, 2004). Taxes play a great role in contributing to federal revenues because they are compulsory payments. Taxes are not paid in exchange of anything whether goods or services. Other sources may include, organizational income taxes, excise duties, and custom duties among others. For the last half-century, the payroll taxes have been increasing, with organizations taxes decr easing, and the individual income taxes remaining unchanged. In mid 1950s, individual income tax was the greatest source of the government revenue, followed by the payroll taxes. Starting from 1965, the payroll taxes became the major contributor of the government revenue (Steuerle, 2004). They increased rapidly due to the introduction of Medicare. The taxes that were received from Medicare, and the social security taxes led to the increment of payroll taxes from 1.6% in 1951 to 6% in early 1990s. Other sources that contributed to the increment of payroll taxes are national workers pension, and railroad retirement fund. Government spending is defined in three major ways. Firstly, the government spends its money by buying goods and services for current use by its citizens. Secondly, government spends its money to buy goods and services to be used in the future, like infrastructure (Steuerle, 2004). The third way through which government spends its money is by acquiring goods and servi ces through its own production, and by use of its labor. The main way through which the government spends its money is by securing the future of its citizens. When the first type of spending is combined with the second type, they form gross domestic product. In the year 2010, the United States central government spent $3.6% trillion, which was an equal amount of 24% of the GDP. Out of the $3.6%, approximately $2.2% was financed from nations tax revenues, while the remaining part was borrowed, creating a deficit to be recovered by future taxpayers. The largest issue faced in federal spending is federal debt. The financial problems and recession in US economy brought about a decrease in tax revenues, and on the other hand, spending increased. In the year 2007, the national budget had a deficit of 1.2% of the gross domestic product (Schick, 2007).Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More In the year 2009, the budget deficit increased to 10%, which was the highest deficit since 1945. The current reports concerning the economy declare that, the increasing government debt may turn to be unsustainable in the long run. The greatest issue at hand is that the interest rates on the federal debts are a bit higher than the rate of income growth (Schick, 2007). This situation may lead to debt consuming the high levels of income rates, unless the debt would be settled on time. If this situation would not be considered on time, there would be a higher probability of income falling, and new debt adding to the old ones. The private sectors in turn will have an increased risk of non-payment cases. These sectors will end up with weak financial base, and reduced annual profits. Reference List Schick, A. (2007). The Federal Budget, Politics, Policies, Process. Washington, DC: Brookings Institution. Steuerle, C. E. (2004). Contemporary U.S. Tax Policy. Washington, DC: Urban Institute Press. This essay on Policy Making on Federal Spending was written and submitted by user Leanna Spears to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

jacksonsonians vs jeffersonians essays

jacksonsonians vs jeffersonians essays The Washington administration was the first to bring together in the cabinet of the United States, the Secretary of State Thomas Jefferson and the Secretary of Treasury Alexander Hamilton. Jefferson and Hamilton began to take different views when the government began to address the issue of the old war debts and the worthless paper money left over from the days of the Confederation. Hamilton suggested that the government should create the Bank of the United States, which would be a public-private partnership with both government and private investors. The Bank of the United States was to handle the governments banking needs. Jefferson protested because this was not allowed by the Constitution. Hamilton opposed the view of Jefferson and stated that the Constitutions writers could not have predicted the need of a bank for the United States. Hamilton said that the right to create the Bank of the United States was stated in the elastic or the necessary and proper clause in which the Constitution gave the government the power to pass laws that were necessary for the welfare of the nation. This began the argument between the strict constructionists (Jefferson) who believed in the strict interpretation of the Constitution by not going an inch beyond its clearly expressed provisions, and the loose constructionists (Hamilton) who wished to reason out all sorts of implications from what it said. Hamilton and Jefferson began to disagree more and more. Hamilton wrote nasty anonymous articles in John Fennos Gazette of the United States and Jefferson responded to him in Philip Freneaus National Gazette. Jeffersons Notes of the State of Virginia in 1787 stated that rural life was beneficial to the government because cities and other areas of large population created poverty, dise...

Summary Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 86

Summary - Essay Example Therefore, President John Tyler who supported seizure was defeated by congressional northern and some member of the south (Kubiaks 1). The other obstacle to seizure was Mexico insistence that Texas was part of its territory. Upon nomination of James K. Polk, there was the restoration of the annexation call. He asserted all the Oren territory belonged to the American people. He convinced the northern that annexation would be beneficial to them all. After the election, the boundary that existed between Washington state and British Columbia was recognized (Kubiaks 1). This was done without war, and hence the northerners were convinced that this policy cared more about southern expansion at the expense of north (Kubiaks 1). However, Polk did not surrender to Mexican demand. This led to war, and he ended up winning all the territory he had offered to purchase from the Mexican. During the war, he sent troops into the disputed area of Rio Grande (Kubiaks 1). The Mexican at the same time sen t troops that led to skirmishes of 1846. America suffered a numbered of causalities, and this forced congress declaration of war. The war was fought from three different fronts. This led to Mexico losing Texas, California, New Mexico, and some parts of Northern Mexico (Kubiaks 1). The Mexican government was ineffective, and the command was divided while American had better arms with complete command. After this war, there was signing of the treaty of Hildago in 1848 (Kubiaks 1). In this treaty, Texas was ceded, California, and New Mexico to United States (Kubiaks 1). The united stats agreed to pay $15 million. The present day Texas was born. The joining of Texas had a noticeable impact on the southwest development. There was a steady increase in the number of migrants. There was also an influx of educated artisans and businesspersons. With such influx, there was established

When I learned English in Canada. Personal experience Essay

When I learned English in Canada. Personal experience - Essay Example The language skills I had to acquire in Canada were completely strange to me. I had to learn English which was a new language to me. Everyone around me was speaking in English which sounded and looked weird to me. Growing up in Saudi Arabia never gave the interest of learning English. In my home country, the knowledge of English was not significant in the daily life. With or without knowledge of English language one was able to get along pretty well without noticing one had a deficiency in one of the world’s significant languages. Coming to Canada, however, brought up a new scenario. English is the main language and in order to have a comfortable life I had to learn English. I had knowledge of some English words. I could mildly understand when someone addressed me in English. But I could not give them a reply in English. I used to have a bit of understanding of English but I did not have any interest in having any communicating skills in the language. While in Canada, I had to develop both listening and speaking skills that could help me survive in my new environment. I have spent three years in Canada, and my progress in terms of learning English has been significant. At the moment, I can construct sensible sentences in English. This is contrary to what I could do within the first few months I was in the foreign country. When I first came to Canada, I went to Toronto so that I could access materials to help me learn English. Being one of the major cities in the country, the access to learning materials was easier. However, I had to move out of the city to start my education. I moved to a province known by the name Sult ste Mrie. It was a few kilometers away from Toronto, but the development in this town was almost comparable to the one in Toronto. The town was energetic but small and filled with more leisure activities than Toronto. In this town, I could see more foreigners which made a little more comfortable. At one point as I walked around the town I came across a Saudi Arabian national talking fluently to some of the locals. This intrigued me and gave me hope of learning English and becoming an integral part of this new society. Apart from learning English I had need for education that was offered in Canada. This hope was made bleak with my little knowledge of English which was used in most schools. I had to first learn proper English then pursue my career I wanted. I enrolled in Algoma University. At this institution, I only had the aim of learning English. It was my time in this institution I met with many other foreigners who could not speak and write fluent English. This made me even more comfortable since I found people with the same weakness as mine. This common feature brought us closer to each other as we found some unique ways of communication. Just as I was, all students in my class had the urge of learning English. This urge made us more of a team than classmates. The communication between us could be easily confuse d a sign language or a secretive language. Individuals with the vast knowledge of English would listen to us but never understand what we were talking about. In some occasion, our English tutor was the referred to as the only sane person in our midst. However, with what we had in mind, heart and soul, we could not let this deter us from achieving what we had come for in Canada. The whole new experience in learning English was incredible as for the first time I felt I was becoming part of my environment. Regardless of where I came from, I could look at people as I walked across streets and see we belong to this world under the same denominator. Suddenly, I gained the confidence the locals had. I could walk into a restaurant

Effect of Globalisation on Inflation

Effect of Globalisation on Inflation Contents list (jump to) Introduction Body Content Globalization Discourage Inflation? How does Globalisation discourage inflation in OECD countries? Globalization Encourage inflation? How Does Globalization Affect China Inflation? Conclusion Appendix (1) Appendix (2) Bibliography Introduction In this advancement era, communicating and sharing of cultures between countries has become much easier. Not only that, good and services can be consumed by country that are not being produced within the country. For example, in countries that have two good or services only, country will be producing good that they are good at producing in term of comparative advantages or even through theory of abundant factor of production. This mean, country will export the good that they are good at producing and importing good that they are poor at producing. Globalization makes import and export between countries possible. What is globalization? According to BBC, globalization is process by which the world is becoming more interconnected as compared to before. This is because; globalization is the mean of the worldwide movement toward integration in term of economic, financial, trade and also communication. The history of Globalization has begun century ago, however, different economics, have different opinion on when globalization actually begin. Some economics that agree with Adam smith, believe that globalization happen on two most important events that is being recorded in the history. The two major event that are related to globalization is significantly dated in 1492 in event of Christopher Colombus stumbles on the Americas in search of spices and 1498 in event of Vasco da Gama makes an end run around Africa and snatched monopoly rents away from the Arab and Venetian spice trader (Kevin H.ORourke, 2000). Some economics like Andre Gunder Franks believe that globalization begins only from 1500 onward and economics such as Jerry Bentley argues that globalization begin even before 1500. A test was being carried out to test the globalization impact on economic. The test looks at the connection between factor price, commodity price and endowment worldwide. However, in the year 1492 and 1498, there is no evidence showing that globalization occurs in the two year. Only in the 19th century, there is abundant of evidence support that in this century, a big globalization bang has occurred. (Kevin H.ORourke, Abstract, 2000). The reason for globalization to occur in a large scale is because the advancement of transportation, technology and reduction of tariff. With the advancement of transport such as containerisation have make transportation of good from one nation to another nation much more efficient and also cheaper. Containerisation is the use of common size of container to transport good from one nation to another nation. In addition, advancement of technology such as internet has contributed highly to sharing of information and also enables people to communicate around the world. Tariff is used to increase the price of the imported good. With the support of World Trade Organization (WTO), who aims is to encourage country to trade in a free trade barrier environment. With the reduction of tariff, people will be able to consume more of foreign produced goods and services. Other than that, mobility of capital and labour also contributed largely to the globalization era that we are facing in today worl d. Many countries have tried many ways to control their inflation. This is because, if inflation is too high, the cost of living of a nation will be high, and eventually affecting it standard of living to fall. Inflation refers to the rate at which price level of general good and services is rising. With the raise of price level of good and services in a country, purchasing power of consumer in the nation itself will fall. Inflation rate is being measured by percentage change in Consumer Price Index (CPI) . Consumer price index is the weighted average of good and services that are being purchased by a typical household. Some cause of inflation is the market power, demand pull .asset market boom and shock supply (T.Harvey, 2011). One of the examples is that during an economic expansion, household will have surplus of money. With this abundant of money, household will increase their demand of good and services. Thus, in response toward the increase in demand for goods and services, firm w ill have to increase the price of good and services to reduce the demand. This increase in price level in response of high demand is an example of inflation The main question now is does globalization affect inflation? Many economics hold different perspective about globalization and inflation. There are also various opinions in regard of inflation and globalization. Some economists say that globalization will encourage inflation to rise, while other economics have contrary view about inflation and globalization. Therefore, we are going to examine whether or not globalization has an impact of the nation inflation. Body Content Globalization Discourage Inflation? Economist Richard Fisher and W.Michael Cox of Dallas Federal Reserve have discovered that â€Å"the more globalized a country is, they tend to pursue policy that achieve faster economic growth, lower inflation, higher income and greater economic freedom† (COX, 2006). Meanwhile countries that are less globalized tend to pursue policies that interfere with the market and will eventually lead the country into stagnation, inflation and diminished competitiveness. Country that are more globalized are able to experience faster economic growth because, they focus mainly on producing good that they are able to produce with a lower cost of production. This mean that all globalized country will be producing more of good that they are producing at a lower cost and produce less of good that they are producing at a higher cost. By doing so, country will experience a surplus of good that they are producing more and shortage of good that they are producing less. Therefore, country will impor t good that they experiencing shortage and exporting good that they are experience a surplus. This specialisation will enable firm to experience a lower average cost or production and consumer to experience a lower price. As the price of good decreases, it means that the inflation rate have decreases. â€Å"The consequent significant additions to world production and trade have clearly put downward pressure on the domestic price† (Greenspan, 2004). How does Globalisation discourage inflation in OECD countries? A research has been conducted on the OECD countries regarding the impact that globalization has on inflation. The research included a sample of 22 OECD countries that consist of Australia, Austria, Belgium, Canada, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Ireland, Italy, Japan, Luxembourg, Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, Portugal, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, UK, and the USA. The research uses KOF-index as a measurement of globalization which cover the economics and social and political dimension of globalization as proxies for globalization and simple average inflation as a measurement of inflation (Pehnelt, 2007). The result has shown that (Appendix 1) that as the KOF index increases, the inflation rate has decreases. There are several reasons that have contributed to this negative relationship between inflation and globalization which are the import price effect, global competition effect, labour market effect and so on. The import price effect is one of the factors that has contributed to the result that KOF index and Inflation are negatively related. With globalization, comparative advantage and also economics of scale can be achieved. This is because, integration of low income into the world economy and also the enhancement of division of labour. There is two function of import price in a globalized economy is that it have direct influence over inflation and also can be used to determine the domestic price of good and services. In the particular sector, the downward pressure of import price can influence the domestic inflation by lowering them down. As the import price fall, it will also have a direct impact on the fall in the consumer price which is proportion to the share of import in the actual consumption basket. Since imported good are being used as a substituted for domestic product. Therefore, when imported price decreases, it will eventually cause the overall inflation rate in the country to fall as well. Another reason that affects the KOF index to have a negative effect with inflation is because of the global competition effect. In general global competition refer to the good and services that are being provided by competing companies to serve international customers. With a higher import penetration, OECD countries have experience enhanced competition in their country. When a country has experience an enhanced competition that result from higher import penetration, it will limit the monopoly power of its domestic producer. This causes, domestic producer to be unable to increase the price of good even if the domestic demand increases or even cost of production increases. It means that as country experiencing an economic integration, respective country will be experiencing a higher price elasticity of demand. This causes domestic firm to reduce their mark-up price. Since it is an elastic demand curve, by reducing the mark-up price will induce more customers to purchase the good. This is because, in an elastic demand curve, a percent decrease in price will induce more than a percent increase in the quantity demand in the economic. However, the size of reduction in mark-up price is depending on the intensity of the foreign competition. The more open an economy is , the higher the competitive pressure it put on the domestic producer. Other than that, labour market effect also plays a role in the negative relationship between globalization and also inflation. With the integration of huge developing and newly industrialized countries into the global economy, it has put a downward pressure on the wage rate in OECD countries in certain sector. This is because as more country enters the global world, the supply of labour in the labour market will increase and it wills eventually causes the economy to experience a decrease in the wage rate of worker. With a lower cost of production, it will cause the production of good to be produced at a cheaper cost. Thus, as the cost of production decrease, it mean that price of imported product will decrease. Therefore, it shows that as a country becomes more globalized, the country will experience a fall in product price in certain sector. Globalization Encourage inflation? According to the Globalization Hypothesis (GH), it stated that the internationalization of the good and financial market has led to the increase of the dependence of the national macroeconomics outcome which is inflation rates and business cycle on the international factor (Francesco Bianchi, 2013). Not only that, Economics Ben Bernanke said that When the offsetting effects of globalization on the prices ofmanufactured imports and on energy and commodity prices are considered together, there seems to be little basis for concluding that globalization overall has significantly reduced inflation, said Bernanke. Indeed, the opposite may be true. (Chen, 2007) How Does Globalization Affect China Inflation? In the year 2006, China has experience an increase of 30% in the price level or energy metal and agricultural product. The reason for the raise in the commodity price of good in China is because of the raise in the demand for commodity in the growing of world economy. Not only that, As time goes on , Chinese are becoming more richer and the middle class citizen are growing . This show that the demand for food and food related product will increase. However, the supply of food has fall due to the development of housing and commercial on the arable land. Arable land is land that is suitable for the growing of crops. Thus with arable land being used as a housing area , the supply of food for China has decreases. With globalization, the change in the use of land and also increasing demand could result in a higher structural increase in the food price. Not only that the stagnant of the supply of commodities create an even greater world demand for product and may result in a even higher pr ice increase. As show in the in appendix 2, it indicates that as years pass, the entire commodities price in the world has increases dramatically. Conclusion In conclusion, Globalization may have some impact on inflation. However, there is still having on-going debate that globalization will cause inflation to rise. While other economics supports that globalization may discourage inflation rate to rise. As shown, OECD countries experience a decrease in the inflation rate when they are having a high openness to trade. However country like China have experience an increase in the price of commodity such as oil price and food price when there is globalization. Appendix (1) Appendix (2) Bibliography Braeuninger, D. (2008, Feburary 6). Has Globalization Deepend Inequality. Retrieved April 20, 2014, from Yaleglobal Online: http://yaleglobal.yale.edu/content/has-globalization-deepened-inequality Chen, C. T. (2007, 03 3). Bernanke Says Globalization May Push Inflation Higher. Retrieved 04 20, 2014, from Bloomberg: http://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=newsarchivesid=ax2XxQsuANu8 COX, R. W. (2006, april 10). Globalizing Good Government. Retrieved april 20, 2014, from The New Yourk Times: http://www.nytimes.com/2006/04/10/opinion/10cox.html?_r=0 Francesco Bianchi, A. C. (2013). Introdcution. Globalization and Inflation: Structural Evidence from a Time, 1. Greenspan, C. A. (2004, May 6). Globalization and innovations. Retrieved April 20, 2014, from Federal Reserve Board: http://www.federalreserve.gov/boarddocs/speeches/2004/200405062/ Kevin H.ORourke, J. G. (2000). Abstract. When did globalization begin ?, ii. Kevin H.ORourke, J. G. (2000). Globalization and World History. When did globalization begin ?, 1-2. Pehnelt, G. (2007). THE EFFECTS OF GLOBALISATION ON INFLATION. Globalisation and Inflation in OECD Countries, 4. T.Harvey, J. (2011, May 30). What Atcually Causes Inflation. Retrieved April 20, 2014, from Forbes: http://www.forbes.com/sites/johntharvey/2011/05/30/what-actually-causes-inflation/2/

Sociology of Racial and Cultural Groups Essay -- Sociology Racism Prej

We live in a culturally diverse society where there are many differences among various racial and ethnic groups. When these different groups come into contact with one another they interact in many different ways. Prejudice and discrimination are key factors in understanding intergroup relationships. Competition, religious ideas, fear of strangers and nationalism are elements that contribute to prejudice. Many expressions of negative prejudicial attitudes, stereotyping and discriminatory behavior can have negative impact on the social relationships between dominant and minority groups. Many prejudices are passed along from child to parent and the influence of television and movies perpetuate demeaning portrayals about specific groups. Although prejudice continues to flourish, education plays an import role in combating prejudice and racism by providing courses and programs that help to recognize the distinction between various ethnic groups and develop an appreciation of these cul tural differences. The word prejudice is derived from the Latin word " praejudicium" and refers to prejudging without any factual evidence. Being prejudiced usually means having preconceived beliefs about groups of people or cultural practices. Discrimination is the "differential and unequal treatment of other groups of people, usually along racial, religious or ethnic lines." The distinction is that prejudice then refers to people's attitudes and beliefs, and discrimination to their overt behavior directed at another group. (Parrillo 76) Prejudices shape our perceptions of various people and influence our attitudes and actions toward particular groups and prejudicial attitudes that are negative often lead to hostile relations between domi... ...and appreciate the cultural values and be tolerant of diversity. Changes in the law have also helped to alter some prejudicial attitudes. REFERENCES >>Chang, Mitchell. "Measuring the Impact of a Diversity Requirement on Students' Level of Racial Prejudice" Retrieved September 19, 2014 (http://www.diversityweb.org/Digest/W00/research2.html) >>Dugan, Maire A. "Prejudice" (Retrieved September 15, 2014 (http://www.beyondintractability.org/m/prejudice.jsp) >>Parrillo, Vincent J. 2003. Strangers to These Shores. New York: Allyn and Bacon. >>Sandhu, Daya Singh and Sherlton Pack Brown. 1996. " Empowering ethnically and racially diverse clients through prejudice reduction." Journal of Multicultural Counseling and Development"

José Rizal Essay

Jose left Calamba for Binan to study under the instruction of Maestro Justaniano Aquino Cruz. His days in school were full of memories and It is where he develop his skills in painting and the arts of wrestling. He was also the best student in their school. Jose surpassed all the Binan boys. It contributed for the love of independence in Jose. At that tender age, he was able to control himself. Although he was struck by homesickness but diverted the feeling of nostalgia in developing talents and focused more in his academic studies. I remember when I was in my elementary years. Sometimes, I was left alone by my parents. I just use my time by coloring books and playing with my friends. This activity helps me in identifying colors and building harmonious relationship with others. December 1871 Jose went to Calamba, his home town, where he was welcomed home by his parents, brothers, and sisters. He also spent his Christmas in Calamba. He was given a chance to celebrate with his family the Christmas on 1871. He even shared his experience in Binan. Christmas and other holidays would be merrier when we spend it with our family especially when we exchanges jokes and stories. January 1872  The Cavity Mutiny flared up, followed by the execution of Fathers Gomez, Burgos and Zamora on February 17th. Paciano was deeply affected with the execution of his friend. As a sympathy and protest against the injustice of Spanish authorities, he quit studies and went back to Calamba. This was the period when Jose’s determination to consecrate his life to combat the evil forces of his times despite of his tender age. As a Filipino, I too, is greatly affected by this event because it shows injustice and racial discrimination because Filipino priest were considered inferior and given limited assignments. They were not allowed to hold parishes. June 1872 The hero’s mother was accused and arrested on malicious charge that she aided her brother, Jose Alberto, in trying to poison Alberto’s wife. She was forced to walk on foot from Calamba to Santa Cruz. Jose Rizal experienced the injustice of the Spanish authorities. This event in his life was inculcated in his mind and opened his eyes to reality and dreamed to have equality between Filipinos and Spaniards before the law. This event shows how Spaniards manipulate justice for their own benefit. This will also leave a message to the reader not to trust anyone be June 1872 to 1873 Jose entered Ateneo Municipal. He was at first put at the tail of the class, but he was soon promoted and kept on being promoted so that at the end of one month he had attained to the rank of Emperor. At the end of the term he obtained marks of excellent in all the subjects and in the examinations. . He had reason to feel proud of his advancement; and so when he went home on vacation that year, he ran alone to see his mother in the prison and tell her the happy news. Jose shows that he can do better even when he is Second year in Ateneo (1873 to 1874) The second year, Jose had the same professor as in the previous year; but instead of lodging outside the City, he resided at No. 6 Calle Magallanes. At the end of the term he obtained a medal, and upon returning to his town, he again visited his mother in jail alone. This was three months before her release. Third year in Ateneo (1874-1875) Rizal family was happy because Dona Teodora was released from prison however, Rizal returned dissatisfied to his hometown because he only won one medal. He failed to win a medal in Spanish because his spoken Spanish was not that fluent. A Spaniard who delivered Spanish with fluency and right accentuation defeated him. He studied harder this year and regained his leadership composure and became an emperor again. Fourth Year in Ateneo (1875-1876) Rizal obtained five medals, which pleased him immensely because with them I could repay my father somewhat for his sacrifices. Last Year in Ateneo (1876-1877) Rizal was considered as â€Å"the pride of the Jesuits† because he was the most brilliant Atenean of his times.

The Tragedy Of Othello By William Shakespeare - 880 Words

Quashallia Potter English 1102 Professor Duke The Tragedy of Othello Throughout Othello, the character Iago was very jealous, deceiving and a manipulative man. He uses different individuals love and passions to please his own satisfactions and needs. Since Iago was known for being honest no one even noticed his manipulative ways. Sadly to say Iago knows that Othello will listen to him because he is his right hand man. So with ease, Iago gives Othello hints that he thinks Desdemona which is Othello wife and Cassio are more than just so called friends. To understand the Dynamic between Othello and Desdemona we must first examine the individual lives of Othello and Desdemona and the influences that affected their actions. First Othello, and how Iago manipulated him and how that action influenced Othello to kill Desdemona. Second Desdemona and Cassio and how their interactions were used by Iago to paint a picture of infidelity that was completely false. Othello being a black man of status, the top General in the Venetian capital, always had to have his guard up. Iago his white ensign was his faithful companion in battle and friend throughout the years. Iago believed he was first choice for an up coming lieutenant promotion, after all the top General was his best friend who had seen first-hand, his valor in battle and commitment to the state. Othello chose Cassio a young soldier with only theoretical knowledge of battle as his Lieutenant, A decision that will laterShow MoreRelatedThe Tragedy Of Othello By William Shakespeare757 Words   |  4 Pages The Tragedy of Othello by William Shakespeare William Shakespeare uses many literary devices to enhance and provide greater complexity in his works. More specifically, the theme, symbolism, and dramatic irony are used to enrich Shakespeare’s The Tragedy of Othello. 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